Moreover, men who have sex with men (MSM) said they experienced less sexual activity during lockdown compared to 2019, while respondents who lived with their partner were more likely to report the same amount of sex or an increase in sex frequency during lockdown compared to 2019. A small percentage of participants (1.2%) said they participated in group sex, swinging, or threesomes since lockdown began, compared with 2019 (Coombe et al., 2021). A cross-sectional study conducted in Bangladesh, India, and Nepal from April 3 to April 15, 2020, found that 45% of participants thought that quarantine affected their sexual lives, even if no substantial differences in sexual activity were found between before and during lockdown (Arafat et al., 2020).
Using Sex as a Coping Strategy
- Table 2 shows the sample prevalence of changes in each solo and partnered sexual behaviors for participants who had ever engaged in those behaviors.
- For women, masturbation seems to be related to more consistent orgasms compared with partnered sex [22–24].
- The most common increased behavior among participants was hugging, kissing, holding hands, or cuddling with a main partner (21.5%), and the least common behaviors to increase were sex with a casual partner (5.8%) and performing or watching sexual acts over the internet (5.5%).
- We observed that sexual minority individuals reported more frequent solo masturbation, sex with a casual partner, sexually explicit media, and cybersex as compared to heterosexual participants.
- The quarantine’s negative impact on mental health (Cao et al., 2020; Cellini et al., 2020; Gawai et al., 2020; Li S. et al., 2020; Pera, 2020; Salari et al., 2020) may have been more striking in lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) individuals.
When care access is challenging, medical practices can collaborate to develop online resources that provide both the most up-to-date and accurate information about the pandemic, as well as provide local resources that patients and clients can use. As these measures involved several social restrictions, we hypothesized that sexual behaviors would change as a result of these lockdown measures. With respect to in-person partnered sexual activities, we expected to find solo activities and online use for sexual purposes to increase due to the restrictions put in place. Considering the media attention and potential public health implications, it is surprising that research on this topic has been slow to develop. In one of the few peer-reviewed studies to consider teen sexting, Dowdell and colleagues18 reported that 15% of their high-school sample had been sent a sext, and a third reported knowing someone who had been involved in sexting. For changes in sexual behaviors, an increase in the use of sex toys and masturbating was found during the pandemic, especially by people who reported less or no sex during the lockdown compared with those who reported more sex (Coombe et al., 2021).
- In a survey conducted on a sample aged 18 or older living in Australia, participants were asked about their sexual lives during all of 2019 and the period after March 22, coinciding with the lockdown period (Coombe et al., 2021).
- Now, they are adults and the way Jacaerys touches you is no longer an innocent child, but Jacaerys pretends to be innocent so that you does not notice his malice, and you always sees him as his sweet nephew and does not realize how he likes to grope you.
- Interestingly, health workers compared to others were more likely to experience the fear of infecting their partners.
- The reviewer LP declared a shared affiliation, with no collaboration, with one of the authors SE to the handling editor at the time of the review.
- Moreover, it is possible that the increase in sexual activity and in substance use may represent coping strategies to face quarantine-related distress (Dariotis and Chen, 2020; Gillespie et al., 2021).
Data
It is plausible for such changes to also have affected sexual behaviors and sexual satisfaction. For age, during the quarantine compared to before, Wignall et al. (2021) found a decrease in sexual desire and a general decrease in sexual behaviors in a sample of young adults, aged 18–32. In another study, Cocci et al. (2020) found that sexual dissatisfaction in both men and women was significantly correlated with younger age and depression levels. The literature showed that young adults cope with many normative transitions (Arnett, 2000) including educational and professional development, social and romantic relationships, and living away from family.
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Factors underlying sexual dysfunctions can be both organic (i.e., vascular, hormonal, etc.) and/or psychogenic (i.e., anxiety, depression, etc; Hedon, 2003; Clayton and Groth, 2013). All around the world during the pandemic, prolonged quarantine, social distancing, and home confinement impacted people’s sexuality in different ways. Sexuality is a central part of human beings’ lives that is influenced by several factors (WHO, n.d.). In this frame, our aim was to investigate how all these pandemic-related changes are affecting people’s sexual lives.
Our findings also make it clear that the commonness of a behavior does not condone its occurrence. On the contrary, we found that teens are generally bothered by being asked to send a naked picture. Even among boys, more than half were bothered at least a little by having been asked. Given these results, future research should define more closely what is meant by being bothered (eg, annoyed vs embarrassed). As shown in Table 1, the proportion of teens who had been asked to send a sext and who had actually sent a sext differed by race/ethnicity, with white/non-Hispanic and African American teens more likely than the other racial/ethnic groups to have both been asked and to have sent a sext.
Indeed, percentages of respondents that reported engaging in sexual activity with their partner one to five times a week were 76% in the pre-pandemic period and 72% during the pandemic. Compared to the period prior to quarantine, during lockdown 3.3% of participants reported an increase in sexual activity from 1 to 5 times a week to more than 5 times. Furthermore, half of the sample (50%) reported a greater emotional bonding since quarantine started (Arafat et al., 2020). These interruptions increase people’s downstream exposure to adverse outcomes like sexual violence, unintended pregnancy, and STIs, as well as the mental and sexual health consequences of unwanted abstinence (Larki et al., 2021; Santelli, Kantor, et al., 2017). Some solutions enacted—like the move to virtual mental and physical health care visits—will remain an important piece of preparedness for future public health emergencies.